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Do you need a permit for a private shelter? Country by country

11 of 62 countries require shelters in some new buildings; 28 publish no guidance. Permit and obligation rules for private shelters compared, with sources.

Updated 2026-10-21· 118 official sources

Short answer. Of the 62 countries compared, 11 require shelters in some new buildings today, and only Israel and Singapore require one in every new home 505188. In 20 others, households have no duty to build: a home shelter is ordinary building work, or the duty exists only on paper or by order 303477. 28 countries publish no official guidance, and 3 remain unconfirmed.

This page compares two points for each country: whether a private shelter needs a permit, and whether the law obliges anyone to build one. It covers national rules as recorded in each country file; local and regional rules can add conditions. Each country name links to its own page.

Do you need a permit or a shelter? The 62 countries side by side

"No official guidance published" means the country file found no official rule or guidance on private shelters. "Unconfirmed" means the official sources found do not settle the point; it is not a yes or a no.

Country Permit for a private shelter Obligation to build a shelter
Argentina No official guidance published No official guidance published
Australia Victoria: building permit for a private bushfire shelter (fire bunker) 1 None anywhere in Australia 1
Austria Each state's building code; no federal shelter permit (state procedures not checked) 23 None: no state law still requires shelters 23
Belgium No official guidance published 45 No official guidance published 45
Brazil No official guidance published No official guidance published
Bulgaria Design, building permit and commissioning under the Spatial Development Act, with a positive GDPBZN opinion 6 Voluntary outside the ordinance's mandatory cases; owners maintain the facility and admit inspectors 67
Canada No official guidance published No official guidance published
Chile No official guidance published No official guidance published
Colombia No official guidance published 89 No official guidance published 89
Costa Rica No official guidance published 10 No official guidance published 10
Croatia No shelter-specific permit or declaration; ordinary building rules 1112 None to build since 2000 1113
Cyprus No shelter-specific permit; ordinary building permit (Cap. 96) and planning permission (Law 90/1972) 1415 None for households; the Council of Ministers may order shelters from local authorities, schools and institutions with more than 20 occupants 1617
Czech Republic No official guidance published 18 No official guidance published 18
Denmark None found for a voluntary private bunker; removing a sikringsrum needs municipal approval 1920 Since 1 Feb 2026 the minister may require sikringsrum in new buildings; the owner builds and pays 2122
Estonia No shelter-specific permit: nothing up to 20 m² and 5 m, building notice for 20-60 m², permit above 60 m² or 5 m 2324 Listed new buildings of 1,200 m² or more (1,500 m² industrial), applications from 1 Jul 2026; houses excluded 252627
Finland Handled in the building permit; exemptions from the duty by the regional state administrative authority 28 New buildings from 1,200 m² (1,500 m² industrial, storage, assembly) 2829
France No shelter-specific permit: prior declaration above 5 m² of floor area, building permit above 20 m²; a buried shelter counts by floor area 30313233 None: no law requires a shelter in new buildings 3435
Georgia No shelter-specific permit found (ordinary construction rules not checked) 36 No duty to build; owners maintain a shelter and need two ministries' consent to change its purpose 36
Germany No shelter-specific permit; the Land building code applies (procedure-free thresholds differ: 10 m² in the model code, 75 m³ in Bavaria) 373839 None to build; federally subsidised house shelters were released from civil-protection binding in 2008 4041
Greece Unconfirmed 4243 Unconfirmed 424445
Hungary No official guidance published 4647 No official guidance published 4647
Iceland No official guidance published 48 No official guidance published 48
India No permit regime for a voluntary shelter found 49 Only if the central or state government orders an owner to build one 49
Indonesia No official guidance published No official guidance published
Ireland No official guidance published No official guidance published
Israel Permit issued only after the Home Front Command confirms the plan includes a protected space 5051 Protected space in new buildings and in extensions over 12 m² 5051
Italy No official guidance published No official guidance published
Japan No official guidance published 525354 No official guidance published 525354
Kazakhstan No official guidance published 55 No official guidance published 55
Kuwait No permit or declaration regime found 56 None; Civil Defence guidance on a temporary home shelter is advice 56
Latvia No specific permit for a voluntary category III shelter; new-build shelters must meet LBN 210-25 575859 None today; listed new buildings for projects submitted from 1 Jan 2027 57
Lithuania No shelter-specific permit; ordinary permit rules of the Law on Construction, Art. 27 60 New public buildings for more than 100 people and new apartment blocks over 5 floors 6162
Luxembourg No official guidance published No official guidance published
Malaysia No official guidance published 63 No official guidance published 63
Malta No official guidance published 64 No official guidance published 64
Mexico No official guidance published 65 No official guidance published 65
Moldova Unconfirmed 6667 Unconfirmed 6869
Netherlands No shelter-specific permit; Omgevingswet technical permit in Bbl cases (e.g. underground roofless structures) and a planning permit where the omgevingsplan requires one 70717273 None: the national building code sets no shelter requirement 717475
New Zealand No official guidance published No official guidance published
Norway No shelter-specific permit for a house; changes to an existing shelter need Civil Defence approval 7677 Developers of buildings over 1,000 m², but construction halted since 1998 and every exemption is granted 767877
Peru No official guidance published 79 No official guidance published 79
Philippines No official guidance published 80 No official guidance published 80
Poland Unconfirmed 81 None for households; underground floors of new public-use and multi-family buildings must be designed for temporary shelter places 81
Portugal No official guidance published No official guidance published
Qatar No official guidance published 82 No official guidance published 82
Romania Emergency services approve the shelter before the building permit; no rule for a voluntary house shelter found 8384 New buildings with a basement of 600 m² or more, incl. collective housing 8384
Serbia No shelter-specific permit; ordinary planning and construction rules 8586 None to build; owners keep protection equipment in working order 8586
Singapore Part of the building and structural plans sent to BCA since 1 Apr 2023; commissioning on completion 8788 Every new house; every new block of flats (household or storey shelters) 8889
Slovakia No specific permit or declaration; general building rules 90 None for households; duties fall on the state, municipalities and businesses 9091
Slovenia No shelter-specific permit; GZ-1 building permit, needed for any building deeper than 2 m 9293 Listed public and strategic buildings in settlements over 10,000 residents; other buildings there need a collapse-resistant basement ceiling 94
South Africa No official guidance published No official guidance published
South Korea No dedicated shelter permit found 9596 No household duty; owners of buildings with a basement (not detached homes) can be ordered to prepare facilities 9596
Spain No official guidance published 9798 No official guidance published 9798
Sweden No specific permit for a voluntary shelter; in shelter areas a developer notifies the agency before permit-bound work 99100 None; the state decides case by case which shelters are built 99101
Switzerland Part of the building-permit application (cantonal forms); structural changes to a shelter need approval 102103 New housing in communes short of shelter places, or CHF 1,400 per place not built 102104
Taiwan No separate permit; approved through the ordinary building permit 105 New buildings in designated areas, e.g. non-public buildings of 6+ storeys 105
Thailand No official guidance published 106 No official guidance published 106
Turkey Shown in the building-permit drawings and recorded after occupancy 107108 New buildings with a permit, except e.g. residential buildings with fewer than 10 units 107
Ukraine No shelter-specific permit: notification for CC1 works, construction permit for CC2/CC3 109 Listed new buildings (CC2/CC3 apartment buildings, schools, hospitals, large public buildings); not private houses 109110
United Arab Emirates Unconfirmed 111112 Unconfirmed 113
United Kingdom No official guidance published No official guidance published
United States Local building permit and inspections under the local building code 114 None: no federal requirement or registration 114

Which countries require shelters in new buildings?

Eleven countries have a duty in force today. It almost always attaches to the building project, not to the household, and it is checked through the building permit.

  • Every new home. Israel refuses a building permit for a new building or extension unless the plan includes a protected space, and the 1992 rules require an apartment or floor protected space in every new residential building 5051. Singapore requires a household shelter in every new house and a household or storey shelter in every new block of flats; since 1 April 2023 the shelter is part of the building and structural plans sent to the Building and Construction Authority 8887.
  • New housing where places are short. In Switzerland, owners building residential housing in a commune that lacks shelter places must build, equip and maintain a shelter, or pay CHF 1,400 per place not built 102103.
  • Larger buildings. Finland requires a shelter in new buildings from 1,200 m² (1,500 m² for industrial, storage and assembly buildings) 28. Estonia applies the same thresholds to buildings listed in Regulation No. 50, for applications filed from 1 July 2026, and excludes single-flat, two-flat and terraced houses 2527. Turkey requires shelters in new buildings with a permit, but residential buildings with fewer than 10 units are exempt 107. Romania requires them in new buildings with a basement of 600 m² or more, including collective housing, approved by the emergency services before the building permit 8384.
  • Listed building types. Lithuania requires shelters in new public buildings for more than 100 people and new apartment blocks over 5 floors 61. Ukraine added a list in February 2026 covering CC2/CC3 apartment buildings, schools, health facilities and large public buildings, but not private houses 109110. Taiwan requires shelter facilities in new buildings in designated areas, for example non-public buildings of 6 or more storeys 105. Slovenia requires basic-protection shelters only in listed public and strategic buildings in settlements over 10,000 residents; other buildings there need a basement ceiling that withstands the building's collapse 94.

Where does a duty exist only on paper, later, or on order?

Seven countries have a legal hook that does not translate into a general duty today.

  • Norway: the Civil Protection Act puts the duty on developers, and the 1995 regulation sets it for buildings over 1,000 m², but construction has been halted since 1998 and every exemption request is granted 767877.
  • Denmark: since 1 February 2026 the minister, not the municipality, may set rules requiring shelters (sikringsrum) in new buildings; where one is built, the owner builds, maintains and pays for it 2122.
  • Latvia: shelters become mandatory in listed new buildings, such as apartment buildings over five above-ground floors and schools, for projects not submitted before 1 January 2027 57.
  • Poland: there is no household duty, but underground floors of new public-use and multi-family residential buildings, and underground garages, must be designed so that temporary shelter places can be organised in them 81.
  • South Korea, India and Cyprus: the duty arises only by order. Korean authorities may order owners of buildings with a basement, other than detached homes, to prepare civil defence facilities 9596; the Indian central or state government may order an owner to build an air-raid shelter and recover the cost if the owner fails 49; the Cypriot Council of Ministers may order shelters from local authorities, schools and institutions with more than 20 occupants 16.

Where is a home shelter ordinary building work?

In 13 countries there is no shelter duty for households, and a home shelter goes through the ordinary building rules. What you need then depends on the size, depth and location of the work.

  • France: a fully buried shelter creates no footprint but its floor area counts, so a prior declaration is needed above 5 m² and a building permit above 20 m² for a new construction 30313233.
  • Germany: each Land building code decides; the model code exempts small single-storey buildings up to 10 m², Bavaria uses 75 m³, outside the Außenbereich 373839.
  • Netherlands: a technical building permit is needed only in the cases listed in the building code, for example an underground roofless structure, plus a planning permit where the municipal plan requires one 7172.
  • United States: FEMA tells people to contact their local building official and get permits and inspections 114. In Australia, the only regulated private shelter is the bushfire shelter, which needs a building permit in Victoria 1.
  • Austria, Croatia, Slovakia, Serbia, Georgia, Kuwait and Sweden set no household duty 2119085365699. In Bulgaria, a voluntary shelter goes through design, permit and commissioning under the Spatial Development Act with a fire-service opinion 6.

Some countries attach duties to a shelter once it exists. Georgia requires two ministries' written consent to change a shelter's purpose 36; Norway requires Civil Defence approval before structural changes 76; Denmark allows removal only with municipal approval 21.

Where is the answer not confirmed?

  • Greece: shelters are built in public and private buildings following decisions of the Government Council for National Security, which are not public, so it is unknown whether new private buildings must currently include one 4244.
  • Moldova: the duty to build protective structures falls on heads of local authorities and economic units, not households, but the 2023 shelter operating regulation could not be read and a draft law would rephrase the duty 6869115.
  • United Arab Emirates: Civil Defence supervises the preparation of shelters in buildings, but no text was found saying which buildings must have one 113.
  • Poland: the 2024 Civil Protection Act sets no shelter-specific permit, but the general building-law position for a home shelter is not confirmed 81.

Which countries publish nothing on private shelters?

28 countries publish no official rule or guidance on permits or obligations for a private shelter: Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, the Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, South Africa, Spain, Thailand and the United Kingdom. In these countries, ask your municipality what any building work requires.

Frequently asked questions

Do I need a permit to build a bunker in my garden?

In most countries with published rules, a garden shelter is ordinary building work, and size and depth decide. In France, a buried shelter over 20 m² of floor area needs a building permit 3033; in Estonia, a structure over 60 m² or over 5 m high needs one 24; in Slovenia, any building deeper than 2 m needs one 9293. Ask your municipality before starting.

Which countries make shelters mandatory in new homes?

Israel and Singapore require a shelter in every new home 505188. Switzerland requires one in new housing where the commune lacks places, or a payment instead 102. Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, Taiwan, Turkey, Ukraine and Romania require shelters in larger apartment buildings above set thresholds 2825276110510710983.

Can I change or remove an existing shelter?

Usually not freely. Singapore forbids alterations likely to impair a shelter without the Civil Defence Commissioner's written permission 88; Switzerland requires approval for structural changes 102103; Norway, Denmark and Georgia also require prior approval 762136.

Does any government pay for a private shelter?

Poland offers a targeted subsidy of up to 100% of the extra cost for a building recognised as a protective structure 81. Latvian municipalities may co-fund shelters in private buildings 57, and Estonia's grant is for apartment associations only 116. Germany has no public funding in force 41117; no official funding was found for France, the Netherlands or Austria 118747523.

Who should design a home shelter?

A licensed structural engineer, working with your local building authority. FEMA tells people to contact their local building official and get proper permits and inspections 114. Our guides on safe room standards, buried containers, shelter ventilation and radon underground cover what to raise with them.

Planning a shelter

The Phaenyx plan gathers, for your country, the rules above, the official guidance on shelter and supplies, and the questions to bring to your municipality and engineer. It does not replace either of them.

Sources

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Sources

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  101. Sveriges riksdag (SFS) · Förordning (2026:443) om skyddsrum och skyddade utrymmen checked 2026-10-20
  102. Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz BABS · Schutzräume für die Bevölkerung checked 2026-10-20
  103. Kanton Zug, Amt für Bevölkerungsschutz, Zivilschutz und Militär · Schutzräume checked 2026-10-20
  104. Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz BABS · Schutzbauten: eine Investition in die Sicherheit checked 2026-10-20
  105. 內政部 / 全國法規資料庫 · 建築技術規則建築設計施工編 (第140-144條，修正日期 民國115年02月23日) checked 2026-10-20
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  107. Resmî Gazete / Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı · Sığınak Yönetmeliğinde Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Yönetmelik (Resmî Gazete, 7 Kasım 2025, Sayı 33070) checked 2026-10-20
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  109. Верховна Рада України · Закон України «Про регулювання містобудівної діяльності» (№ 3038-VI від 17.02.2011), статті 31(10), 34 checked 2026-10-21
  110. Верховна Рада України · Закон України № 4778-IX від 10.02.2026 щодо запобігання надзвичайним ситуаціям, формування фонду захисних споруд цивільного захисту, створення класів та центрів безпеки checked 2026-10-21
  111. Dubai Legislation Portal (Supreme Legislation Committee, Dubai) · Local Order No. (3) of 1999 Regulating Construction Works in the Emirate of Dubai checked 2026-10-21
  112. Department of Municipalities and Transport, Abu Dhabi (DMT) · Abu Dhabi City Municipality Calls on Building Owners to Regulate the Status of Existing Buildings Constructed Without a License checked 2026-10-21
  113. UAE Legislation (uaelegislation.gov.ae) · Federal Decree-Law No. (35) of 2024 On the Reorganization of the Civil Defence Authority checked 2026-10-20
  114. FEMA · Safe Rooms checked 2026-10-20
  115. Guvernul Republicii Moldova (particip.gov.md) · Hotărârea Guvernului nr. 1012 din 13-12-2023 cu privire la aprobarea Regulamentului privind exploatarea construcțiilor de protecție (dosar 842/MAI/2022) checked 2026-10-20
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  118. Assemblée nationale · Proposition de résolution n° 3103 visant à garantir un abri accessible dans chaque commune pour renforcer la protection de la population française checked 2026-10-21

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