Which countries require shelters in new buildings?

Short answer. Of 62 countries compared, 11 require a shelter in at least some new buildings: Switzerland ^{1 2 3}, Finland ^{4 5}, Israel ^{6 7}, Singapore ^{8 9}, Taiwan ¹⁰, Romania ^{11 12}, Turkey ¹³, Lithuania ^{14 15}, Estonia ^{16 17}, Ukraine ^{18 19} and Slovenia ^{20 21}. Only Singapore and Israel extend the duty to all new housing ^{8 6 7}. 28 countries publish no official guidance on private shelters.

How to read this comparison

"No official guidance published" means the country file found nothing official on that point; where it cites no source for that absence, the cell has no number. "Unconfirmed" means the point is still being checked and is not stated as fact. Each country links to its shelter page. A shelter's design belongs with a qualified engineer and your local authority.

Which countries require shelters, and which set standards?

Europe

Middle East, Caucasus and Central Asia

Asia-Pacific

Americas

Africa

Which countries make shelters mandatory in new buildings?

Eleven countries have a shelter duty in force for at least some new buildings. Switzerland requires owners building housing in communes with too few shelter places to build a shelter, or to pay CHF 1,400 per place not built ^{1 2 3}. Finland requires a shelter in new buildings of at least 1,200 m² used as dwellings or workplaces, and 1,500 m² for industrial, production, storage and assembly buildings ^{4 5 75 76}. Israel requires a protected space in every new residential building and every extension larger than 12 m², checked before the building permit is issued ^{6 7}. Singapore requires a household shelter in every new house, and a shelter in each flat or a storey shelter on each storey of every new block of flats ^{8 9 270 271 272}.

Taiwan requires air-raid shelter facilities in new, extended, rebuilt or change-of-use buildings in designated areas, for example non-public buildings of six or more storeys ¹⁰. Romania sets building categories where a shelter is mandatory, such as new buildings with a basement of 600 m² or more ^{11 12 177}. Turkey requires fallout shelters in new buildings with a building permit, except notably residential buildings with fewer than 10 units, non-residential buildings under 1,500 m² and public buildings under 1,000 m² ^{13 235}.

Three of the eleven duties are recent. Lithuania's STR 2.07.02:2024 requires a shelter in newly designed public buildings for more than 100 people and in new apartment blocks of more than five floors ^{14 134 15 135}. Estonia requires a shelter in listed new buildings of at least 1,200 m² (1,500 m² industrial) where the permit application or notice was filed on or after 1 July 2026; houses with one or two flats and terraced houses are excluded ^{16 65 66 67 68 69 17}. Ukraine, under Law No. 4778-IX of 10 February 2026, requires a shelter in listed new buildings such as CC2 and CC3 apartment buildings, schools and health facilities, but not private houses ^{18 19 210 211}. Slovenia's shelter decree (1996, amended March 2026) makes basic-protection shelters mandatory in listed public and strategic buildings in settlements over 10,000 residents; every other building there needs a basement ceiling built to withstand the collapse of the building ^{190 191 192 20 21}.

Two more countries require shelter-ready spaces rather than full shelters. In Poland, underground floors of new public-use and multi-family residential buildings, and underground garages, must be designed so they can serve as temporary shelter places ¹⁷⁰. In Bulgaria, metros and underground garages in production and public-service buildings in urban areas of special importance must be built as collective protection means ^{30 31}.

Where is the duty coming, suspended or ordered case by case?

Latvia makes shelters mandatory in certain new buildings for projects submitted after 31 December 2026 ^{128 129 130}. Denmark has given the minister, not the municipality, the power to set rules requiring shelters in new buildings since 1 February 2026 ^{57 58 59 60}. Norway's law still sets a duty for buildings over 1,000 m², but construction has been halted since 1998 and every exemption request is granted ^{164 165 166 167}.

Three countries rely on orders instead of a general rule. In India, the central or state government may order the owner of any premises to build an air-raid shelter ²⁴⁸. In South Korea, authorities may order owners of buildings with basements, detached homes excluded, to prepare civil defence facilities ^{275 276}. In Cyprus, the Council of Ministers may order local authorities, schools and buildings where more than 20 people live or work to build shelters ^{38 39 40 41 42 43 44}.

Which countries have no duty, or publish nothing?

Twelve country files report no general shelter duty for new buildings. Austria says no state law still requires shelters ^{22 23}, and Croatia has had no duty to build since 2000 ^{34 35 36}. Germany sets no duty to build ^{101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108}, France has no law requiring shelters in new buildings ^{86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98}, and the Netherlands ended its shelter policy around 1990 ^{154 155 156 157 158 159 160}. Sweden's 2026 Act governs shelters the state decides to build and sets no regime for a family's own bunker ^{199 200 201 202}. Slovakia places shelter duties on the state, municipalities and businesses, not households ^{186 187}. Serbia lets basements of new buildings serve as shelters if a reinforced slab is built above them ^{182 183}. Georgia sets maintenance duties only for owners of existing shelters ²¹⁷, and Kuwait gives advice on a temporary home shelter, not a legal obligation ²²⁸. The United States has no federal requirement; FEMA points to local building permits and inspections ³¹¹. Australia has no obligation anywhere; only private bushfire bunkers are regulated, in Victoria ²⁴³.

Twenty-eight countries publish no official guidance on private shelters: Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, the Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, South Africa, Spain, Thailand and the United Kingdom. Two of them still publish shelter standards: Kazakhstan's building norms make shelter-function rooms mandatory in new designs for 16 types of buildings with mass occupancy ^{224 225}, and the Czech Republic's Decree 380/2002 Sb. sets technical requirements for public shelters ^{51 52}. For what a permit involves where one is needed, see the shelter permit comparison.

Which countries publish technical standards for shelters?

In Switzerland, components such as blast doors and gas filters must hold an FOCP approval and appear in the ZKDB database ^{207 2}. Singapore publishes binding SCDF requirements for household and storey shelters, including an SCDF-approved steel door ^{273 271 270 9 8}. Finland marks shelter equipment "VSS" ^{5 75 77 78 79 80}, Sweden certifies components under SRVFS 1993:6 ^{203 201 204}, and Slovenia issues a certificate of suitability valid ten years ^{20 21}. In Israel, Home Front Command approval of the building plan is a condition of the permit ^{7 220}.

Recent shelter standards also exist in Poland (2025) ^{170 171}, Latvia (2025) ^{131 128 130}, Lithuania (2024) ^{15 134}, Estonia (2026) ^{70 17}, Serbia (2024) ¹⁸³, Ukraine (2023) ^{19 211}, Turkey (amended 2025) ^{13 235}, Taiwan (amended February 2026) ¹⁰ and Kazakhstan (2024 and 2025) ^{224 225}. Older official rules remain in Denmark ^{60 59 61 62 63}, Norway ^{164 166 167}, the Czech Republic ^{51 52}, Slovakia ^{188 187} and Bulgaria ^{30 31}. Japan's only technical guideline is non-binding ^{256 253}. The United States, Australia, India and the Philippines publish hazard-specific standards (storm safe rooms, bushfire and cyclone shelters, evacuation centres) but none for blast or fallout ^{312 311 244 245 248 249 268}. For the ideas behind these rules, see protection factor, NBC filtration, shelter ventilation and safe room standards.

Which countries have large public shelter networks?

The largest published networks are in Taiwan, with more than 105,000 facilities and capacity for about 86.65 million people at the end of 2021 ^{281 282 283}, Poland, with over 70,000 shelter points and about 20 million places ^{172 170 173 174}, and Ukraine, with 62,655 sites covering 48.8% of the population at the start of 2025 ^{19 212 213 214}. Switzerland follows the principle of one shelter place per resident, with about 370,000 shelters ^{1 2 208 3 209}. Sweden counts about 64,000 shelters ^{203 205 206 199} and Finland about 50,500 ^{81 82 83 84 76 85}.

Counts do not always mean readiness. Germany has 579 designated public shelters with 477,593 places, but none is currently functional or ready for use ^{106 109 110 108}. Latvia found 407 of 1,665 assessed shelters fully compliant ^{129 130 132 133}, and Slovakia's hardened and gas-tight shelters cover about 4.15% of the people to be sheltered ^{188 189 186 187}. See the public shelter comparison and shelter in place or evacuate.

Which points remain unconfirmed?

Seven countries have at least one unconfirmed point. The shelter duty is unconfirmed for Greece, Moldova and the United Arab Emirates. Shelter standards are unconfirmed for Greece, Indonesia, Moldova, Romania and South Korea, and public shelters for Greece, Indonesia, Moldova, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. This page states nothing on these points until they are confirmed.

Frequently asked questions

Which country has the strictest rule for homes?

Singapore and Israel apply the duty to homes themselves. Singapore requires a household shelter in every new house and a shelter in each flat or on each storey of every new block ^{8 9}. Israel requires a protected space in every new residential building and in extensions larger than 12 m² ^{6 7}.

Do new duties apply to single-family houses?

Mostly not. Estonia excludes houses with one or two flats and terraced houses ^{16 17}, Ukraine leaves private houses off its list ^{18 19}, and Turkey exempts residential buildings with fewer than 10 units ¹³. Lithuania's duty covers public buildings for more than 100 people and apartment blocks of more than five floors ^{14 15}.

Do I need a permit to build a private shelter where none is required?

Several country files point to ordinary building rules, and the details differ. In the United States, FEMA tells people to get proper building permits and inspections ³¹¹; in Victoria, Australia, a private bushfire shelter needs a building permit ²⁴³. See the shelter permit comparison and burying a container.

Before you build

Shelter rules differ widely, and several changed in 2025 and 2026. The Phaenyx plan draws on the same country files and sources as this page, to help you organise your questions before you speak with your local authority and an engineer.

Sources

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